A Comparative Study of Coconut Husk, Sugarcane Bagasse, and Durian Shell as Filter Media for River Water Quality Improvement

Abstract

The rapid urbanization and subsequent increase in impermeable surfaces have significantly exacerbated river water contamination, necessitating sustainable and low-cost treatment solutions. Sungai Chuau, Selangor, was selected as the study site due to its role in supporting the Putrajaya Wetland system and its exposure to urban runoff, making it an ideal location to assess water filtration effectiveness. This study investigates the effectiveness of three agricultural wastes; coconut husk (CH), sugarcane bagasse (SB), and durian shell (DS) as filter media for improving river water quality in Sungai Chuau, Selangor, Malaysia. The filter media were prepared through drying, grinding, and sieving to ensure optimal filtration efficiency before being tested in a system comprising 80% agro-based media and 20% aggregate. The effectiveness of these materials was analyzed based on key parameters, including pH, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH?-N). Results showed high variability in COD and TSS, particularly in Method 2, indicating localized pollution sources. Coconut husk exhibited the highest pollutant removal efficiency, significantly reducing COD, BOD, and NH?-N levels while maintaining acceptable water quality. Conversely, sugarcane bagasse and durian shell degraded water quality, with DS contributing to increased pH and COD levels due to preparation methods. The statistical analysis confirmed stable BOD and DO values, though a notable drop in DO5 suggested organic pollution. These findings highlight coconut husk as a viable, sustainable filtration alternative, while further optimization of sugarcane bagasse and durian shell is required to enhance their effectiveness. Rapid urbanization has significantly impacted river water quality, necessitating sustainable and cost-effective treatment solutions.